Chapter 4 sections 1-4

Cultural-is the total knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors shared by and passed on by the members of a specific group.

Culture involves the following factors:

• -       food and shelter
• -       religion
• -       relationships to family and others
• -       language
• -       educations
• -       security/protection
• -       political and social organization
• -       creative expression
• 
  

Society-is a group that shares a geographic region a sense of identiy and a culture.

Ethnic group-is used to refer to a group that shares a language, customs, and common heritage.

Language-is one of the most important inspects of culture because it allows the people within a culture to communicate with each other.

There are between 3000 and 6000 languages spoken in the world today

Versions of a language are called dialect.

Dialect reflects changes in the speech patterns related to a specific group or region.

Religion-consists of a belief in supernatural power or powers.

Major Religions include:

• Judaism
• Christianity
• Islam
• Hinduism
• Buddhism

Populations-The World Population is current over 7 billion people.

90% of the world's population lives in the Northern Hemisphere. One in four people in the world lives in East Asia, and one of every two people lives in either East Asia or South Asia.

Cities with more than 10 million people are called megacities. By 2010 there were at least 25 megacities. Tokyo, the largest city in the world, has more than 35 million inhabitants.

Population Density-refers to the average number of people who live in a measurable area.

Political Geography-government unit that occupies a specific territory (often the term country is used to mean state)

Nation-refers to a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity.

When a nation and a state occupy the same territory - that territory is called a "Nation - State"

It is possible for a nation not to have a territory - stateless nations include the Palestinians, the Kurds, and the Basques.

Types of Government:

• Democracy-citizens hold political power, either directly or through elected representatives.
• Monarchy-a ruling family headed by a king or queen holds political power.
• Dictatorship-an individual or group holds complete political power.
• Communism-in this government and economic system, nearly all political power and means of production are head by the government in the name of the people.

Boundaries between countries can either be Natural (lakes, rivers, mountains) or Artificial (example 49 N latitude line that separates U.S. from Canada)

An economy consists of the production and exchange of goods and services among a group of people. Economies operate on a local, regional, national, and international level.

Types of Economies Systems:

• Command Economy-production of goods and services is determined by a central government.
• Market Economy-production of goods and services is determined by the demand from consumers.
• Mixed Economy-a combination of command and market economics provides goods and services so that all people will benefit.
• Traditional Economy-goods and services are traded without exchanging money ("barter")

Things to Know

Chapter 2:

Terms:

Continent-one of the main landmasses of the globe

Atmosphere-the gaseous envelope surrounding the earth; the air.

Solar System-the sun together with all the planets and other bodies that revolve around it.

Core-the central, innermost, or most essential part of anything.

Mantle-thick, between the crust and the core.

Magma-molten material beneath or within the earth's crust, from which igneous rock is formed.

Crust-the outer layer of earth

Lithosphere-the solid portion of earth

Hydrosphere-the water portion of earth

Biosphere-every living thing on earth portion

Continental drift-continents drift away from each other or join others

Hydrologic cycle-the natural sequence through which water passes into the atmosphere as water vapor, precipitates to earth in liquid or solid form, and ultimately returns to the atmosphere through evaporation.

Drainage basin-the area drained by a river and all its tributaries.

Ground water-the water beneath the surface of the ground, consisting largely of surface water that has seeped down: the source of water in springs and well

Water table-the planar, underground surface beneath which earth materials, as soil or rock, are saturated with water.

Topography-the detailed mapping or charting of the features of a relatively small area, district, or locality.

Questions to be able to answer:

How many continents are there? 7 Can you name them? Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Australia, and Antarctica

How did the continents formed? Tectonic plates

What are the three basic parts of the earth's interior? crust, magma, and mantle

What are the four basic spheres found on or above the earth? hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere

What percent of the earth is covered by the ocean(s).97%

How many oceans are there? 5 Can you name them?Arctic, Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern Ocean

How do the winds and the ocean distribute heat on the earth's surface?when the winds eventually blow over the land, they moderate the temperature of the air over the land.

How are islands formed? a volcano pushes through plates to create islands

How does water circulate? Currents move the ocean water

Chapter 3:

Terms

hurricane-a violent, tropical, cyclonic storm 

typhoon-tropical cyclone or hurricane 

tornado-violently destructive windstorm occurring over land

rain shadow-region in the lee of mountains that receives less rainfall than the region windward of the mountains

drought-period of dry weather, especially a long one that is injurious to crops.

solistice-two times a year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the celestial equator

equinox-time when the sun crosses the plane of the earth's equator

weather-state of the atmosphere with respect to wind, temperature, cloudiness, moisture, pressure, etc.

climate-composite or generally prevailing weather conditions of a region, as temperature, air pressure, humidity, precipitation, sunshine, cloudiness, and winds, throughout the year

precipitation-the amount of rain, snow, hail, etc.

El Nino-warm ocean current of variable intensity that develops after late December along the coast of Ecuador and Peru and sometimes causes catastrophic weather conditions.

Greenhouse Effect-global warning

convection-vertical transport of atmospheric properties, especially upward

Questions to be able to answer:

How does the earth's revolution and tilt affect the seasons? different parts of the earth recieve the direct rays of the sun for more hours in a day at certain times in the year; this causes the changing seasons on the earth.

What is the difference between weather and climate? weather is sunny or cloudy and climate is raining or snowing

What are some examples of extreme weather? blizzards and droughts

What causes the weather? temperature

What are examples of forces that produce climate changes? volcanos and typhoons

What are factors that effect climate? temperature, elevation

Quizlet

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